Pather Panchali - A RAY of Light to Indian Cinema

A lot had been written about this movie for past fifty years. There are no new words left behind to praise the movie. This movie gave a Ray of light to Indian cinema, through which the whole world can take a look at the real condition of people in Indian villages and this man named Satyajit Ray became the sole representative of Indian cinema in international arena. You all know, which movie I am talking, the most popular Indian movie of all time, “Pather Panchali”.

It is as simple and as realistic as a movie can get. It is about the struggles of a poor family to survive with a hopeless man as head of the family, who dreams to become a writer but ends up getting some temporary jobs. Even after nearly 50 years of its release, the movie looked very contemporary in all aspects. I never got the feeling that I am watching an old movie, may be because the interior villages in India are in the same conditions even now as it was then. I heard that Ray used to sketch all the scenes in the movie before shooting and while shooting he will follow the sketches and visualize accordingly and may be that was the reason for those stunning visuals with brilliant and beautiful cinematography even by the technical standards of today. The black and white picture has got a classy tone of it’s own and enhances the impact of this (subtly) emotional drama.

The controlled and down to earth performance of each and every actor (are they?) is another factor for the impact that the movie leaves. The other technical aspects like sound design, art direction is great considering the period it was made. Like say, when Hari and his wife is speaking inside the house, we get to hear the voice of their aunt singing from outside. Hope those days, movies were not shot with synch-sound. I mean the sound design is carefully done. The movie is first in the Apu trilogy but this movie hardly focuses on Apu but the climax definitely ends with a hope on Apu to uplift his family. The first part focuses basically on Durga and her little desires and emotions.

The ending is really haunting. The way that panic situation is picturised is brilliant with the doors dashing to open due to heavy wind blowing outside, the idol of Vinayak shaking on a stand inside the house and Durga lying in the bed shivering in fever and cold with her mother hugging by her side, the most touching scene in the movie and we could anticipate what is going to happen but again the movie stands out by the way Ray handles this tragic situation with utmost subtlety in the very next scene.

I liked the background score by Pandit Ravishankar of the movie a lot. Those days, I don’t think most moviemakers or even the composers concentrated on this department much. The haunting flute and sitar pieces sprinkled all through the movie enhance the visuals and are pleasant to listen to it along with the poetic visuals. Actually I am searching for this music CD, can anyone tell me where can I find it. What else to say, this movie is a masterpiece for sure (sorry I can’t close without using this).

Life is Beautiful, Pather Panchali, Fahrenheit 9/11, Shrek

I had a great weekend last week by watching the movies viz., Life is Beautiful, Pather Panchali, Fahrenheit 9/11 and Shrek. Each one is best in its own genre.

Life is Beautiful

Well, it won 3 Oscars out of 7 nominations. Best Dramatic Score, Best Actor and Best Foreign language film and it deserves all the three. Jury may intentionally nominate and give Oscars to foreign language films even in main categories to prove that it is the most prestigious recognition in the world. But in the process, we people get to know some of the rare gems that may have gone unnoticed otherwise. Really, if it was not nominated for Oscars, I might have not known about this beautiful Italian movie called “Life is Beautiful”. The image of Roberto Begnini (actor, producer and director of the movie) madly running around in the auditorium on the announcement of him winning the Oscar is still fresh in my mind.

It is about an Italian family (Guido, Dora and Joshua) that lived happily until Second World War started in Italy but it is after which the movie starts to take its unique path. The first half is usual boy-meets-girl, fell in love and get married stuff but it is pure fun. The fantasy filled tricky screenplay makes this otherwise ordinary plot in the first half of the movie very entertaining.

When you take up war as a backdrop in a movie, it is likely to be an emotional drama packed with sufferings and pain of the victims. This movie has got that too but the treatment is very different. I think the major plus point of the movie is that it is able to arouse a kind of mixed emotions in the audience (you cry and laugh) all at the same time. Well, as far as I remember, I haven’t had such an experience with any of the other movies that I have seen so far. There is a sequence that creates very high impact with such mixed emotions.

When Guido was working as a bearer in a hotel, he makes friendship with a doctor who is obsessed with riddles. Many a times, Guido helps the doctor to solve the riddles. Now, when Guido is in the concentration camp, this doctor who is a Nazi comes to check the health condition of the prisoners. Though initially he pretends like he doesn’t know Guido, later he says Guido that he wants to speak to him in secret. Guido is on high expectation that the doctor would help him and his family to escape from the prison. When they finally meet, doctor asks him another riddle “duck-quack-woof’ kind of stuff and this is for what doctor said Guido to meet him in secret. In this scene, you realize on one side how funny the situation is especially by the way the doctor tells the riddle and how tragic the situation when you see the face expression of Guido loaded with disappointment after the only hope turned hopeless. A classy situation and performance to say the least.

The struggle of Guido to protect his kid and also to hide the real situation from his kid Joshua is what that drives the whole plot. Though it is highly fictious, it is convincingly presented. It does give lot of opportunities for twists in the second half. The climax is really touching with the kid feeling happy for winning the tank without knowing the sacrifice that his dad has made for him to have this feeling all his life. But I don’t understand whether Dora knows what happened to Guido. Dora’s expression in the climax is quite ambiguous.

The performances are top notch. Roberto Begnini as Guido steals the show by his energetic performance. The female lead (don’t know her name) has nothing much to do except stare with surprise and sob a little bit in the second half. The kid who did the role Joshua is impressive with his cute expressions.

The movie is technically at par. The production design and costumes gives an authentic period look to the movie. Background score really elevates the proceedings. The main love theme is very pleasant and soothing to listen.

Life is beautiful is beautiful in all aspects.

Will write my thoughts on other movies later.

Thalapathi - The King

Yesterday I watched Thalapathi in DVD. Thalapathi is definitely a bible for Indian directors (especially for Shankar now) those who think of using an actor in a star without compromising his image or star status in their movie. In this movie, there is no big logical reason for Surya and Deva to form such a close bondage except for the fact that Deva saved Surya from life-long imprisonment. Also there is no convincing reason or even enough scenes for Subbu to fall in love with Surya. But yet in spite of all these major loop holes, Maniratnam was able to narrate a gripping tale and make the audience to empathize with the characters. This is for what I admire Maniratnam the most. His screenplay knows mass mesmerism. The highlights of the movie are perfect casting, cinematography, performances and above all background score and music by Illayaraja. I can write a long post on background score alone. For me this is the most captivating performance of Rajinikanth after Netri Kann where in which you really like and enjoy the character he plays more than his screen presence. Well, lets not get into the debate between Thalapathi and Guna. True, Guna is a masterpiece but Thalapathi will ever remain as king of commercial entertainers.

Black, The Last Samurai and Manichitrathazhu

After buying a Sony TV and DVD Player, it was this weekend that I had a chance to make use of the both completely as it was continuously raining in Chennai and hence stopping me from going out. I rented three movie DVDs and watched them twice each. Black, The Last Samurai and Manichitrathazhu.

Black: Well, all the debates for rejecting Black as India’s official entry for Oscars are settling down and there are many reasons discussed why it is not selected. Who cares? This movie is definitely one of the finest Indian melodramas made in an internationally acceptable way. It is a movie for our soul and not for the mind. I have written a lot about this movie here. Now after watching it in DVD, I just fell in love with it now than before. I am thinking of owning a DVD of this movie. The special features in the DVD are not good enough though. It would have been better if they had included Director’s commentary on the movie. There are very less movie making footages. But the audio and video quality is at par.

The Last Samurai: It is a beautiful movie which I thought didn’t get enough recognition (you know what I mean, the Oscars). The Oscar jury was greatly interested in rewarding the LOTR trilogy and so even with 5 nominations; this movie couldn’t fetch even one. I don’t know how much the plot is historically correct but I love this movie for what Nathan Algren loves Samurai’s. It is a well crafted movie. All the performances are top notch especially that of Ken Wantanabe (Katsumoto). I can say this movie has got the best performance of Tom Cruise. If there is a flaw in the movie, it could be a little confusing characterization of Katsumoto. I was blown away by the background score by Hans Zimmer. The love theme is beautiful and so are the thundering scores for the action sequences. The conversations as Kastumoto often says is good and touching. On the whole, it is a yet another unforgettable movie.

Manichitrathazhu: At last, I saw the original of “Chandramukhi” which has created a unimaginable record in Indian box -office. No doubt, the original is a classic. This is the first ever Malayalam movie that I am watching. I am so impressed by the way they visualize stories. The down to earth tone, subtle humor, controlled acting, soothing music are all assets for Malayalam cinema then. For sure, P. Vasu has done lot of damages to the original plot but at the same time, we should accept that he has Rajinified the plot well.

Finally, after watching all such great movie, I went to Sivakasi on compulsion. Though it seems that Vijay has arrived as a poor man’s rajini, there is a limit for everything. I have taken a pledge that I would never watch a vijay movie in future unless it is made by some worthy director.

Thavamai Thavamirundhu Music Review

There are some factors I consider before buying movie soundtracks. One of the most important factors apart from the composer is the director of the movie. A director of the movie should definitely have a good ear to music otherwise he can’t extract the best even from the greatest of the composers. I would blindly buy the soundtrack of the movie if it is directed by people like Maniratnam, Balumahendra, Sanjay Leela Bhansali, Subash Ghai, Vasanth, K.Vishwanath, Bharathiraja etc., no matter who the composer is. They really extract the best. After listening to the album Thavamai Thavamirundhu, I think I can append Cheran’s name in that list. Before getting into reviewing the album, let me recollect some of the ever green songs from Cheran’s movies and about Cheran’s collaboration with various composers.

Deva has worked with Cheran for “Bharathi Kannamma”, “Vetri Kodikattu” and “Porkaalam”. Among these films I could remember only “Thanjavoor Mannu eduthu” and “Karuvelam Kaatukullae” songs from “Porkaalam”. All the songs in this movie were a hit then but these are the two that still lingers. Cheran – Illayaraja combo worked for “Desiay Geetham”. Though the main reason for going to Illayaraja is for background score, IR did deliver a good melody in “Vakkapattu poga pora” song and the orchestration was great in “En kanavinai kelamma” song. But obviously Cheran can’t take credit for any of these songs as we know the working style of IR. And the Cheran – Baradwaj combination in both “Pandavar Bhoomi” and “Autograph” seems to be the most successful of all. “Avaravar Vazhkayil” and most of the songs in “Autograph” turned to be immortal. Cheran also gives lot of importance to meaningful lyrics by which the life of these songs is stretched. Finally now, Cheran has gone to the most unlikely composers, Sabesh – Murali (Assistants of Deva).

Sabesh – Murali did the background score for “Autograph”. They did a pretty good job in that movie. I think that gave the confidence to Cheran that these guys can deliver when given an opportunity.

The album works mainly because of the following factors

1) Freshness in melody
2) All being situational tracks, lyrics are meaningful
3) Orchestration with just enough instruments
4) Catchy tunes and rhythms
5) Variety of songs and moods.

It has got totally 7 songs.

Ore Oru Oorukkullae

This song is the equivalent of “Nyabagam varuthey” from Autograph in its meaning. In this song, a father sings about his childhood days to his son. The earthy flute piece and the folk rhythm along with Sabesh’s rustic vocals provide perfect nativity sound to the song. Sabesh has a better voice than Deva. As this song has more emphasis on expression than rendition, Sabesh fits in well. Snehan’s lyrics are earthy with less word play. Jaykumar performs a street drama in between. I think the song will appeal more with the visuals. The song has got an easy tune which will sit in our mind on very first listening.

Unnai Charanadainthenm

If I would have heard this number without knowing the composer and the movie, I would have definitely thought it as an A.R.Rahman composition. Everything in the song from the melody, rhythm, and free flowing bass in the background, guitar and piano pieces are Rahmanish. It is a beautiful romantic number all the way. The new singers Kalyani and Pranna have done a great job in this song.

Oru Muraithaan

It is a slow, sober, situational number. This song sounds like “Ninaivugal” song from Autograph which may be because of the rendition Unni menon. The beautiful prelude promises a lot, but the vocal tune is not so great, yet the song soothes with its beautiful orchestration. The soothing mild flute in the background enhances the sober mood of the song. Unni menon is expressive enough. Lyric by Thenmozhi gels well with the mood and the situation of the song.

Enna parkirai

How it would be if a whole song is sung in a way Shalini spells the ending words in “Kiru Kiru” song from Kathal? This song is the answer. It is a sensuous number with all right ingredients. Cheran’s lyrics are good. For a change mirchi Suchitra sings a melody and she has done full justice to the song and so is Yugendran. The song starts like a dialogue and slowly gets into a melody and rhythm. The ending with vocals going high with a grand orchestra is just perfect for the mood of the song. There are actually two themes in this song apart from the main tune, one played in flute and other in piano. Both sounds great and are put to use at right places. Beautiful Flute piece is similar to that of “Yaro yaravan” song from “Alaudin” movie.

Aakatti

It is an emotional folk number. Though I didn’t understand meaning of many words in this song, I got a rough idea about what they are trying to say. This is a song of meaningful lyrics and emotions than music. Yet the percussions at the end have a great impact. The singer Jayakumar has done a great job in expressive singing. I am eagerly waiting to watch this song on the screen.

Theme Music

We have heard similar song done by Deva in the movie “Aha” and also M.S.Viswanathan did a duet song with just hummings and lalala’s without any lyrics in “Ninaithalae innikum”. This song is full of classical swaras and jathis. I don’t know whom to give the credit for this song, singers or the composer. Madhubalakrisha, Sarath and Sudha Raghunathan have done a brilliant job in the song. The fast streaming swaras along with catchy beats make a stunning fusion. Also the song is well programmed.

Avaram poovae

Sabesh-Murali has tried to make a song like “Thenpaadi Seemayilae”. Though they haven’t really touched us emotionally with this song, it is a nice composition. It will definitely gel well with the movie. The vibraphone theme is beautiful. Madhubalakrishna is at his emotive best in this song.

Sabesh – Murali has tried hard to meet the class of Illayaraja in folk rhythms and melodies and that of A.R.Rahman in romantic numbers. Though they didn’t reach that level of class, they have succeeded in getting somewhat close to it. This is the second (first one being “Kanda Naal Muthal”) album in this year, in which I love all the songs equally.

A Beautiful Work bya Rahmaniac

It is the all covers of the music albums composed by A.R.Rahman.

Andrum Indrum Endrum Maestro - A lifetime experience

Due to hectic work schedules, it got delayed to post my thoughts on the show and now here it is

Lot more happened in the concert but this is what I could remember and record, please bear with spelling and grammatical errors as I am typed this in a hurry.

“Andrum Indrum Endrum Maestro” is the first live concert of my life. I am happy that my first ever concert turned out as a memorable one too. Obviously it has to be as the concert is by Maestro Illayaraja. It started 30 minutes late at 6.30 PM typical of any other Indian concert. The Nehru indoor stadium was jam packed. The stage and background set in glossy white shades was beautifully designed and crafted by an artist called Boopathy. The stage gave a very good impression that we have come for a really big show.

Before the show actually started, they played a short documentary about Illayaraja with lot of interesting clippings and interviews. It was good though it tested the patience of the audience. The entire orchestra of Illayaraja was there on the stage with Napoleon on flute, Sivamani on Drums, 30 violin and 4 violas in string section and all other necessary instruments. The show was hosted by R.Parthiban and Singer Mahathi. Both did a fair job.

Then came the most awaited moment of the event amidst a thunderous applause from the audience i.e., IR introduction with a grand orchestral piece (of course composed by IR) in the background. He came down singing a devotional number “Nada vadivey” and continued singing “Janani Janani” song. The highlight of the song is Yuvan and Karthikraja joined with IR for this song. IR’s voice was shivering a little initially but reached right pitch soon. After the song, he spoke to the audience about how much he owes his success to his fans.

Then came the majestic SPB and started at high pitch to sing classic “Mandram vandha”. The orchestration was good but due to some initial hiccups the beautiful trumpet solo piece in the interludes didn’t reach the audience well. SPB as always did a great job with lot of improvisations.

I should say the best performer of the evening was Chitra among the singers. All her songs rocked the auditorium. Be it the light melodious, Yethetho or folk based classical “Padariyaen” she was at her best. Especially it was great to watch her singing those complex swaras in “Padariyaen” song and as in the movie, the crowd applauded when she shifted to “Mari mari” at the end. Also “Ninnukori varanam” song was great along with rocking percussions of Sivamani, though keyboard player made some mistakes in the interludes.

Uma Ramanan sang two songs, “hey, padal ondru” and “Agaya vennilavae” along with Vijay Yesudass and Madhu balakrishna. Vijay and Madhu filled the absence of Yesudass though Madhu’s voice was more fitting in KJY’s songs than Vijay.

Swarnalatha entered with “Adi athadi” and finished her slot with “Aatama therottama” song. Somehow percussions in “Aaatama” songs didn’t click in the show. It lacked punch and doesn’t sounded as it is in the record. I thought she would sing my all time favorite melody of her “Malayil yaaro malarodu pesa” but it wasn’t included. She looked really struggling to get the pitch right in all the songs.

Sadhana Sargam did a marvelous job considering the fact that she is alien to Tamil. She thanked Illayaraja for giving her “Paatu solli” song (for which she fetched the coveted national award) before she started to sing. It was one of the very few songs in the concert which had exact effect as in the record. She got every single pitch, note, expression and diction right.

Shreya Ghosal made lot of mistakes in pronunciation while singing a classic of S.Janaki “Kaatril enthan geetham” from Jhony but no harm as she got the feel right. She also sung “Illangathu veesuthey”, “Unna vida” and “Khajuraho” songs. She did her job pretty well.

Jeyachandran sang “Rasathi unna” song. I should the orchestra did a better job in this song. It always happens that the singers miss the feel of the song while singing such emotional numbers live and so did Jeyachandran. He sang it plain without much of expressions.

Bhavatharini sang “Mayil pola” song pretty well and I should the guy who played the rhythm, it sounded exactly as it is in the record. And Karthik joined Bhavatharini for another beautiful duet “Oliyilae” from “Azaghi”. Karthik was too good in singing with right expressions. I wish he could have sung more numbers.

Except for the raga he sung before the “Olangal” song, the singer I liked least in the concert is Hariharan. In the name of improvisation, he literally killed most of the songs he sung which includes “Ennai Thalaata varuvala”, “Khajuraho”, “En choli paduvatho”, and “Vanavillae”.

I think I have covered almost all the singers. Now moving on to the highlights of the concert, in the orchestra Flautist Nepolean (Arunmozhi, the singer), Sivamani in drums and the 30 Violins and 4 violas in String section rocked. For most of the songs I was following the strings section. It is great to watch 30 hands with bows moving simultaneously in one direction and that to playing the notes of Illayaraja. It is a treat to both ears and eyes.

Among the songs performed, the orchestra got a special applause in the middle for the the second BGM of the song “Sundari Kannal Oru Sethi”. It was just out of the world to hear the orchestra and choirs perform that piece unplugged. Yet I didn’t know why the strings were not playing in the background when the singers sing the charanam, actually in the song there is a full length string orchestration in the background for the whole song. Also “Thendral vandhu theendum podhu” was performed perfectly as it is in the audio. “O priya priya” is another song in which I enjoyed the orchestration along with expressive vocals by both Mano and Chitra. The intro music for Illayarja was also performed well by the orchestra; especially I liked the heroic trumpet piece.

Some of the songs are messed up due to lack of rehearsals and one of them is “Kaatril Oru geethamae”, the recent master piece of Illayarja was not performed well. The coordination between the singers was pathetic. Also the tempo was little slower than the original version. In “Padariyaen” song, the accompanying violin and mirudangam didn’t synch well with Chitra, though Chitra did a perfect job.

Then another highlight of the show is “Naan thedum sevvandhi poovidhu” song performed by Illayaraja and Manjari. Audience requested for “Once more” and after a while Illayaraja started the song again. I have heard the song many times before and liked it but it has now become one of my all time favorites after the show. The song has such a catchy rhythm and melody in it. The crowd went mad on this song and continued clapping rhythmically along with the song.

Extras

The “Musical Journey” was not received well initially by the audience but soon IR dragged them into it by the “Kabadi Kabadi” piece. This piece ended with “Sendhoora poovae” song for which IR made correction on the stage itself as the orchestra was missing some note. To a layman’s ears, it sounded the same all the time, but IR stopped and corrected the orchestra and they played it right third time. It was like a glimpse of how IR does a recording in the studio and teaches his notes to the orchestra.

The “3 in 1” is great but they could have performed in one stretch without any interruptions. A lot of improvisation is done on the Italian concert version of this song. I think IR is obsessed with this counterpoints, because even in this piece IR sang the Tamil lyrics of the song and Shreya Ghosal sung the Telugu lyrics in parallel. I thought the Telugu lyrics fit the tune well than the Tamil one. Tamil lyrics are penned by Vaali.

The “Olangal” piece is also a lot different from the Italian concert version in terms of orchestration. The tabla is replaced by Sivamani’s drums and the lead violin is replaced by IR’s vocals. It would have been better if they have performed it as it was in the Italian concert but with Sivamani’s drums and string section.

Many of them came and praised IR and worthy speech were given only by two of them Kamal Haasan and Vaali. Kamal Haasan was requested to sing but he refused telling that he need rehearsals to sing live in such concerts. I thought he would sing “Thenpandi seemayile” along with IR but he didn’t. Vaali was full of praises for IR and also IR praised vaali in return stating how well he writes lines that fits to T with the tune taking “Sundari kannal oru” song as example.

In the finale on audience request IR sung “Masatra sothi” part from Thiruvasagam. It was really a divine experience to listen to IR singing alone with a mild rhythm in the background.

And the grand show came to an end with “Veetukku veedu” song. The audience were energetic enough to dance and clap for this song even after 5 hour long concert. The song ended with lot of vocal jathis by IR accompanied by Sivamani. It is also not performed as it was in Italy. Then Sivamani took over the audience with a mind-blowing on his drums.

More Info on Maestro Concert

On a hoarding near Vadapalani, i saw the list of Singers going to perform in the Concert. They are SPB, Chitra, Jeyachandran, Hariharan, Bhavatharini, Swarnalatha, Sadhana Sargam, Karthik, Shreya Ghosal, Vijay Yesudas and Madhu balakrishna. My expectations are almost met with this list. Yet i thought Janaki would be present.

Also, watch Maestro's interview on Jaya TV at 11.00 A.m on 12.10.2005 in which he speaks more about this concert.

Making of Chandramukhi

Sivaji Productions has decided to draw in money in every other possible way with this blockbuster Chandramukhi. After e-bay auctions of costumes worn by the actors in the film, they have released a 2 CD pack which includes Original Soundtrack (Background score of the movie) audio CD and a video CD of making of Chandramukhi.

The making of Chandramukhi runs for one hour covering all important aspects of the movie. The “imaginators” film has done a neat job in editing and packing various behind the scenes stuffs into one CD. As I have not seen many making of movie CD’s before, I didn’t find any faults with this pack. It includes interviews with cast and crew, the behind the scene footages, the cassette release function, the clips of many theatres in tamilnadu on day of release, public opinion etc., The actual scene from the movie immediately following the footages of behind the same scene makes it interesting to watch. Especially, we have interesting clips from climax scene and you can watch how Jyothika got trained for such a stunning performance. This CD is a must buy for Chandramukhi fans.

Will write about Original Sound Track later….

Maestro Illayaraja - Live in Concert

Finally, what hardcore fans of Illayaraja was dying hard for is going to happen on 16th orctober 2005 in Nehru Indoor Stadium, Chennai. Yes, Illayaraja is going to perform live. My expectations are really sky high after hearing what Illayaraja spoke about the concert in the press meet. The happy news is that i am first one to grab the tickets for the show from Land Mark, Spencer Plaza, Chennai. Read more about the concert here

The highlight of the event is going to be

1) The 3 in 1 piece which Illayaraja composed for a concert in Italy. I have heard the piece already in the CD. I would really be a treat to listen to it unplugged.

2) If performed, any song from "Thiruvasakam in Symphony" would be great to listen.

My Suggestions

It would be great if IR performs some of his most popluar movie background score pieces with or without improvisations. For example, themes of Jhony, Nettri Kann, Mauna Ragam, Nayagan, Sethu, Idhayathai Thirudathey, Thalapathi, Guru, Nooravadhu Naal, etc.,Also I would like to hear atleast one piece each from "How To Name It" and "Nothing But Wind".

And my top 5 songs would be

Sundari Kannal Oru sethi (Thalapathi)
Kanmani Anbodu Kadhalan (Guna)
Thendral Vanthu Theendum putho (Avatharam)
Oh Butterfly (Meera)
Rakkamma Kaiya thattu (Thalapathi)

I have chosen these songs mainly because to watch the live orchestra perform grand orchestral pieces in these songs.

I would be really disappointed if anye one of these singers (SPB, Chitra, Janaki, Yesudas) is absent as most of the popular numbers of IR are sung by them.

What are waiting for? Go and grab your Ticket. It is availabe in LandMark.